vanderbilt family tree

Early years Cornelius Vanderbilt was born in Staten Island, New York on May 27, 1794 to Cornelius van Derbilt and Phebe Hand. Brigadier General Cornelius "Neily" Vanderbilt III (September 5, 1873 March 1, 1942) was an American military officer, inventor, engineer, and yachtsman. As a young boy, Cornelius Vanderbilt worked on ferries in New York City, quitting school at age 11. of a fleet of 100 steamboats making trips to Europe and Central She also cut off her mothers money as well but continued her grandmother Morgans yearly stipend. His wife received US$500,000, their New York City home, and 2,000 shares of common stock in New York Central Railroad. He inherited nearly $100 million from his father. [4], When Vanderbilt entered his new position, Gibbons was fighting against a monopoly on steamboats in New York waters, granted by the New York legislature to the politically influential patrician, Robert Livingston, and steamboat designer Robert Fulton. The depot was replaced by Grand Central Terminal in 1913. ancestors arrived in America around Eventually he promoted him to operational manager of all his railroad lines. On April 20, 1940, Mrs. Anne Harriman Vanderbilt, wife of William Kissam Vanderbilt, passed away in New York. [5], Working for Gibbons, Vanderbilt learned to operate a large and complicated business. It helped bottle up the Virginia, after which Vanderbilt converted it into a cruiser to hunt for the Confederate commerce raider Alabama, captained by Raphael Semmes. Comfort Vanderbilt married Benjamin Nichols and had 7 children. Due to unpaid taxes, she was forced to sell her Southampton and New York City homes. That's up to 78% off the regular price. The funeral of, House. They had 13 children together: Phebe Jane Vanderbilt (18141878) Ethelinda Vanderbilt (18171889) Eliza Vanderbilt (18191890) William Henry "Billy" Vanderbilt (18211885) Emily Almira Vanderbilt (18231896) Sophia Johnson Vanderbilt (18251912) Maria Louisa Vanderbilt (18271896) Frances Lavinia Vanderbilt (18281868) Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt (18301882) George Washington Vanderbilt I (18321836) Mary Alicia Vanderbilt (18341902) Catherine Juliette Vanderbilt (18361881) George Washington Vanderbilt II (18391864)[12]:927 In addition to running his ferry, Vanderbilt bought his brother-in-law John De Forest's schooner Charlotte and traded in food and merchandise in partnership with his father and others. George Washington Vanderbilt was born in 1862 Around this time Vanderbilt tried to gain control of the Erie Railroad, which brought him into direct conflict with Jay Gould, who was then in control of the Erie. She was married four times, beginning with her marriage to Pat DiCicco in 1941 when she was 17. a second fortune, with the sum total of one hundred million dollars. Gloria achieved later notoriety for her four marriages, but considerable respect for her work as a painter, stage and film actress, author, and, after the late 1960s, designer of housewares and fashion. Blough's wife, Melissa, competed for Colombia in the 2020 Olympics. Commodore Vanderbilt grew the family fortune from humble beginnings. Ruthless in business, Cornelius Vanderbilt was said by some to have made few friends in his lifetime but many enemies. William Henry Vanderbilt. American Civil War When the Civil War began in 1861, Vanderbilt attempted to donate his largest steamship, the Vanderbilt, to the Union Navy. Husband of Sophia Johnson and Frank Armstrong Vanderbilt On December 19, 1813, at age 19 Vanderbilt married his first cousin, Sophia Johnson (17951868), daughter of Nathaniel Johnson and Elizabeth Hand. Though both Livingston and Fulton had died by the time Vanderbilt started working for Gibbons, the monopoly was held by Livingston's heirs. From Manhattan it ran up to Chatham Four Corners, New York, where it had a connection to the railroads running east and west. Cornelius Vanderbilt's great-great-grandfather, Jan Aertson or Aertzoon, was a Dutch farmer from the village of De Bilt in Utrecht, Netherlands, who immigrated to New York as an indentured servant in 1650. That year he faced opposition by a steamboat operated by Daniel Drew, who forced Vanderbilt to buy him out. Their success began with the shipping and railroad empires of Cornelius Vanderbilt, and the family expanded into various other areas of industry and philanthropy. In 1969 she was elected to the Fashion Hall of Fame. When Vanderbilt returned from Europe, he retaliated with a rival line to California, cutting prices until he forced Morgan and White to pay him off. In today's value, that will be around 2.5 billion dollars. As an author, she wrote two art books, three novels, and four memoirs which included, "It Seemed Important At the Time: A Romance Memoir," "A Mother's Story," and "The Rainbow Comes and Goes: A Mother and Son on Life, Love and Loss" which she co-wrote with Anderson Cooper. [19] Crawford was 43 years younger than her husband. Nearby homes similar to 1143 Vanderbilt have recently sold between $269K to $271K at an average of $315 per square foot. He also bought a church for $50,000 for his second wife's congregation, the Church of the Strangers. She was approached by Indian designer Mohan Murjani who proposed a line of designer jeans that would carry her signature embroidered on the pocket, along with her swan logo. It was in the 1830s when he was first referred to as "commodore," then the highest rank in the United States Navy. Job Summary. But on November 24, 1817, a ferry entrepreneur named Thomas Gibbons asked Vanderbilt to captain his steamboat between New Jersey and New York. Of the three, Cornelius was by far the most devoted to furthering the familys business and investment interests. Brother of Mary Polly Vanderbilt; Charlotte De Forest Egbert; Phoebe Laura Vanderbilt; Jacob Hand Vanderbilt; Phoebe Vanderbilt and 1 other; and Eleanor Vanderbilt less, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt. Television journalist and author Anderson Cooper, who is a descendant of the Vanderbilt family, chronicles the familys life and wealth in his 2021 book, Vanderbilt: The Rise and Fall of an American Dynasty. At age 16, he borrowed money from his mother to buy a small boat. Market Realist is a registered trademark. Vanderbilt is also heavily associated with the standardization of gauges and the use of steel in rails. He built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family and one of the richest Americans in history. Fashion designer. American Artist, Author, Actress, Fashion Designer, Heiress, and Socialite. The Most Influential News Anchors of All Time, The Most Trustworthy Newscasters on TV Today, 300+ Famous People Who Went to Prep School. The fashion line grew to include dresses, fragrances, blouses, shoes, and other accessories. The Vanderbilt family is an American family who gained prominence during the Gilded Age. Before her death in 2019, Glorias net worth was estimated at $10 million, according to CelebrityNetWorth.com. An error has occured while loading the map. Georges family the largest and most splendid house in Manhattan. In 1863, Vanderbilt took control of the Harlem in a famous stockmarket corner, and was elected its president. The map below shows the places where the ancestors of the famous person lived. Carefully overseeing the proper fit and design, Gloria Vanderbilt Jeans exploded onto the designer-jean craze that was going full tilt by the late 1970s. All of the Vanderbilt multimillionaires descend through oldest son William Henry. He began his business by ferrying freight and passengers between Staten Island and Manhattan. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles refused it, thinking its operation and maintenance too expensive for what he expected to be a short war. When he tried to convince the U.S. and British governments to help restore the company to its rights and property, they refused. It had a key advantage: it was the only steam railroad to enter the center of Manhattan, running down 4th Avenue (later Park Avenue) to a station on 26th Street, where it connected with a horse-drawn streetcar line. In the end, he could not attract enough investment to build the canal, but he did start a steamship line to Nicaragua, and founded the Accessory Transit Company to carry passengers across Nicaragua by steamboat on the lake and river, with a 12-mile carriage road between the Pacific port of San Juan del Sur and Virgin Bay on Lake Nicaragua. George Washington Vanderbilt was the youngest child of industrialist William Henry Vanderbilt and his wife Maria Louisa Kissam. Arthur T Vanderbilt Ii Family Tree - FamilyTreeX of eight children in the Vanderbilt family when the mansion at As well as Berkshire cottages in the western region of Massachusetts. [5], Working for Gibbons, Vanderbilt learned to operate a large and complicated business. To accomplish this, he undercut prices, and also brought a landmark legal case Gibbons v. Ogden to the United States Supreme Court to overturn the monopoly. Connect to the World Family Tree to find out, American Businesswoman, Fashion Designer, Socialite And Writer, Feb 20 1924 - New York City, United States, Manhattan, United States, Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt,Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt, Pat DiCicco, Leopold Stokowski, Sidney Lumet, Wyatt Emory Cooper, Associated Press of America, quoting an announce ment by Miss, Apr 23 1945 - Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, YORK, Mon American 4,000,000-dollar heiress, 21year ?*?' Cornelius Vanderbilt : Family tree by Tim DOWLING (tdowling) - Geneanet Vanderbilt family, one of the wealthiest and most prominent families in the United States. While Vanderbilt could be a rascal, combative and cunning, he was much more a builder than a wrecker. Her psychiatrist and her lawyer, both of whom she trusted implicitly had bilked Ms. Vanderbilt out of $1.7 million in various phony tax shelters. Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 January 4, 1877), also known by the sobriquet Commodore,[1] was an American entrepreneur. He also donated to churches around New York, including a gift to the Moravian Church on Staten Island of 8 acres (34,000 m) for a cemetery in which he was later buried. Cornelius Vanderbilt and his descendants (by year of birth), Other Vanderbilt descendants, but not of Cornelius Vanderbilt, Spouses of descendants of Cornelius Vanderbilt (by year of birth), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Elm Court (Lenox and Stockbridge, Massachusetts), Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, list of largest houses in the United States, Christopher Denys Stormont Finch-Hatton, 16th Earl of Winchilsea, Daniel Finch-Hatton, 17th Earl of Winchilsea, John Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke of Marlborough, John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, Charles James Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke of Marlborough, George John Godolphin Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford, Kenneth Peter Lyle Mackay, 4th Earl of Inchcape, Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough, Christopher Finch-Hatton, 15th Earl of Winchilsea, Laura Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, Kenneth James William Mackay, 3rd Earl of Inchcape, Rosita Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, Edla Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, James Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke of Marlborough, Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pittsburgh Railroad, International Auxiliary Language Association, Vanderbilt Gallery (American Fine Arts Society), Vanderbilt Clinic (Presbyterian Hospital), Cathedral of All Souls (Asheville, North Carolina), "Nederland's Patriciaat: Lijst van geslachten opgenomen in de jaargangen 1 (1910) t/m 91 (2012)", "Jan Jansen van Haarlem and Anthony Jansen van Salee", "The Episcopalians: An American Elite With Roots Going Back To Jamestown", "The 1891 Margaret Louisa Home - No. [11], When the California gold rush began in 1849, Vanderbilt switched from regional steamboat lines to ocean-going steamships. William Kissam Vanderbilt worked with his brother Cornelius in managing the Vanderbilt investments and enterprises. So he negotiated with Costa Rica, which (along with the other Central American republics) had declared war on Walker. Randolph convinced Walker to annul the charter of the Accessory Transit Company, and give the transit rights and company steamboats to him; Randolph then sold them to Garrison. He bought control of the Hudson River Railroad in 1864, the New York Central Railroad in 1867, and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway in 1869. [14], In November 1855, Vanderbilt began to buy control of Accessory Transit once again. At the time of his death, aged 82, Cornelius Vanderbilt's fortune was estimated at more than US$100 million. Vanderbilt appealed his own case against the monopoly to the Supreme Court, which was next on the docket after Gibbons v. Ogden. Here, George Vanderbilt eventually drove the Collins Line into extinction. : In 1855, Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt donated 45 acres (18ha) of property to the Moravian Church and Cemetery at New Dorp on Staten Island, New York. Through 3/6 at 9 am Eastern time, they are offering Gloria Vanderbilt Denim Jeans, Shorts & Jackets for just $14.99 (reg. The Vanderbilt Family - Biltmore (It is worth noting that though trivial in comparison to the $90 million+ inherited by William Henry Vanderbilt and his sons, the bequests to his other children made them very wealthy by the standards of 1877 and were not subject to inheritance tax. In early 1853, he took his family on a grand tour of Europe in his steamship yacht, the North Star. Cornelius Vanderbilt's descendants went on to build grand mansions on Fifth Avenue in New York City; luxurious 'summer cottages . Railroad empire Though Vanderbilt had relinquished his presidency of the Stonington Railroad during the California gold rush, he took an interest in several railroads during the 1850s, serving on the boards of directors of the Erie Railway, the Central Railroad of New Jersey, the Hartford and New Haven, and the New York and Harlem (popularly known as the Harlem). a collection of fine arts. to William Henry and Maria Louisa Vanderbilt. Harold Stirling Vanderbilt was also notable as the inventor of the game of contract bridge and as the skilled yachtsman who won the Americas Cup three times. Cornelius Vanderbilt's descendants went on to build grand mansions on Fifth Avenue in New York City; luxurious "summer cottages" in Newport, Rhode Island; the palatial Biltmore House in Asheville, North Carolina; and various other opulent homes. Vanderbilt family - Wikiwand But the new Nicaraguan government refused to allow Vanderbilt to restart the transit business, so he started a line by way of Panama, eventually constructing a monopoly on the California steamship business. The immediate cause of his death was exhaustion, brought on by long suffering from a complication of chronic disorders. Impressed, Vanderbilt became a secret partner with Drew for the next thirty years, so that the two men would have an incentive to avoid competing with each other. Wrong username or password. During the 1830s, textile mills were built in large numbers in New England as the United States developed its manufacturing base. Vanderbilt was very accustomed to getting what he wanted, but it seems that he met his match in Jay Gould. William Henry was known as an astute collector, He moved to New Brunswick, New Jersey, a stop on Gibbons's line between New York and Philadelphia, where his wife Sophia operated a very profitable inn, using the proceeds to feed, clothe, and educate the children. The third generation of Vanderbiltsfollowing Cornelius and William Henry Vanderbiltwas led by three of William Henrys four sons: Cornelius (184399), William Kissam (18491920), and George Washington (18621914). At the time of his death, aged 82, Cornelius Vanderbilt's fortune was estimated at $100 million. Gloria Laura Vanderbilt (1924 - 2019) - Genealogy - geni family tree His great-great-great-grandson, Cornelius Vanderbilt, began the rise of the Vanderbilt dynasty. The map below shows the places where the ancestors of the famous person lived. In 1955, after ten years of marriage Gloria and Leopold Stokowski divorced in a bitter and acrimonious trial that rivaled the custody ordeal of 1934. Vanderbilt's life story has inspired works of fiction, including the ambitious character of Nat Taggart in Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged (1957). Crawford's cousin's husband, Holland McTyeire, convinced Vanderbilt to endow what would become Vanderbilt University, named in his honor. Years after his father's death, William Vanderbilt gained control of the Western Union Telegraph company. During the War of 1812, he received a government contract to supply the forts around New York City. In 1869, Vanderbilt directed the Harlem to begin construction of the Grand Central Depot on 42nd Street in Manhattan. But Gould bribed the legislature to legalize the new stock. In 1956, Gloria married again, this time to film director Sidney Lumet. I will ruin you. of taking to the waterways turned into a trade business that consisted In November 1855, Vanderbilt began to buy control of Accessory Transit once again. up for the Blue Ridge Highlander Newsletter, Messages from the Mountains So he negotiated with Costa Rica, which (along with the other Central American republics) had declared war on Walker. Garrison. Vanderbilt family | American family | Britannica She remarked, Sometimes I wonder, at fifty-two has success come too late? [8], During these years, Vanderbilt also operated many other businesses. When eleven-year-old Cornelius Vanderbilt began to work on his father's small boat ferrying supplies in New York Harbor at the beginning of the nineteenth century, no one could have imagined that one day he would, through ruthlessness, cunning, and a pathological desire for money, build two empiresone in shipping and another in railroadsthat Cornelius Vanderbilt Gender Male Age 67 Date of birth Tuesday 28 Aug 1764 Birth place Essex County, New Jersey, USA Date of death: 20 May 1832 Place of death Staten Island, Richmond County (Staten Island), New York, USA Cornelius Vanderbilt Siblings Married 9 children together 5 Feb 1787 Phebe Vanderbilt Cornelius Vanderbilt Children Vanderbilt University to host Clinton Global Initiative University annual meeting in 2023; The Commodore had lived in relative modesty considering his nearly unlimited means, splurging only on race horses, leaving his descendants to build the Vanderbilt houses that characterize America's Gilded Age. James Farley Vanderbilt 1933-1987 - Ancestry According to NYC experts at 6sqft, the Vanderbilt family owned multiple Gilded Age mansions on Fifth Avenue's millionaire row, including the massive three townhouses called the "Triple Palaces." They also were prone to bouts of family competition, building huge mansions to rival each other. Mother and daughter would speak by phone or sometimes have lunch and they attempted a somewhat strained relationship. In early 1853, he took his family on a grand tour of Europe in his steamship yacht, the North Star. When her father died while she was a toddler, she and her half-sister became the subject of a custody suit between her mother, Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt, and her paternal aunt, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, who ultimately gained custody. Gloria Vanderbilt's fortune: Anderson Cooper inherits $1.5M He sank the tracks on 4th Avenue in a cut that later became a tunnel, and 4th Avenue became Park Avenue. County of New York, New York City 20.02.1924, Father: Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt * 1880, Mother: Gloria Laura Mercedes Morgan * 23.08.1904, Antoni Stanislaw Boleslawowicz * 18.04.1882, Vanderbilt, Gloria (Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt-Cooper). he got mugged by the former president John Quincy Adams. Vanderbilt appealed his own case against the monopoly to the Supreme Court, which was next on the docket after Gibbons v. Ogden. Step by step, he started lines between New York and the surrounding region. This time he succeeded in donating the Vanderbilt to the Union navy, equipping it with a ram and staffing it with handpicked officers. Please try again. [19], In 1869, he directed the Harlem to begin construction of the Grand Central Depot on 42nd Street in Manhattan. Gloria wasnt there as she was back home in New York, having just given birth to a son, Carter Vanderbilt Cooper. Edmund Randolph, a close friend of Walker, coerced the Accessory Transit's San Francisco agent, Cornelius K. Garrison, into opposing Vanderbilt. When the Confederate ironclad Virginia (popularly known in the North as the Merrimack) wrought havoc with the Union blockading squadron at Hampton Roads, Virginia, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and President Abraham Lincoln called on Vanderbilt for help. She sold the rights to her name to the Murjani Group in 1978 and started her own company, GV Ltd. The A maid testified to seeing the glamorous widow Vanderbilt bathing her feet in Champagne and gave evidence of an apparent lesbian relationship with a member of the British royal family, the marchioness of Milford Haven (ne Nadjeda, Countess Torby, who married a nephew of Queen Mary); her mother eventually lost custody to Gloria's aunt Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney but litigation continued. He said "I don't care half so much about making money as I do about making my point, and coming out ahead." Legacy Commodore Vanderbilt willed amounts ranging from $250,000 to $500,000 to each of his daughters. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. in railroads including the New York Central bringing into his coffers Using the name "The People's Line," he used the populist language associated with Democratic president Andrew Jackson to get popular support for his business. Once considered the richest family of the Gilded Age, the Vanderbilt family now has a net worth that pales in comparison with what it was when Cornelius Commodore Vanderbilt ran the show during the 19th century. up for the Blue Ridge Highlander Newsletter, Messages from the Mountains, Great Mountain Attractions and Destinations, Magazine, Virtual Tours and Scenic Road Trips, Living Green and Eco Friendly in the Mountains, Mysteries, Myths and Legends in the Mountains, Conference, Meeting and Retreat Facilities, Vineyards Wineries Tasting Rooms, Theatre Concerts Mountain Entertainment, Blue Ridge Highlander Mountain Emporium and Art Gallery, Artists, Art Galleries and Art Associations in the Mountains, Museums, History and Culture in the Mountains, Rivers, Creeks and Trout Streams in the Mountains. The 250 room mansion and 175,856sqft (16,337.6m2) of floor space remains on top of the list of largest houses in the United States to date. 3D WALKTHROUGH. Their success began with the shipping and railroad empires of Cornelius Vanderbilt, and the family expanded into various other areas of industry. All Rights Reserved. Step by step, he started lines between New York and the surrounding region. Many of the migrants to California, and almost all of the gold returning to the East Coast, went by steamship to Panama, where mule trains and canoes provided transportation across the isthmus. Vanderbilt eventually drove the Collins line into extinction. William Henry (1821-1885) was George Washington The Commodore said that he believed William was the only heir capable of maintaining the business empire. William Henry, who inherited most of his fathers one hundred million dollars. It helped bottle up the Virginia, after which Vanderbilt converted it into a cruiser to hunt for the Confederate commerce raider Alabama, captained by Raphael Semmes. The only child of American railroad heir Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt (1880-1925) and his wife, Gloria Laura Mercedes Morgan (1904-1965), a beautiful Swiss-born socialite of American, Chilean, Spanish, and Irish descent, little Gloria became heiress to a four million dollar trust fund on her father's death when she was 2 years old. The year before, the Lumets divorced and Gloria, at age 40, married editor-writer Wyatt Emory Cooper. ), According to "The Wealthy 100" by Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther, Vanderbilt would be worth $143 billion in 2007 dollars, if his total wealth as a share of the nation's GDP in 1877 (the year of his death) were taken and applied in that same proportion in 2007. George Vanderbilt, born 1911 - Ancestry Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1853 - in a letter to former business associates Morgan & Garrison, the partnership of Charles Morgan and C.K. Her Father Died When She Was a Baby, Leading to a Fierce Custody Battle Between Her Mother & Her Aunt. He and his wife, Edith Stuyvesant Dresser, had only one child, Cornelia Vanderbilt. [3], In addition to running his ferry, Vanderbilt bought his brother-in-law John De Forest's schooner Charlotte, and traded in food and merchandise, in partnership with his father and others. Neiman Marcus Fashion. She died a few weeks after being diagnosed with stomach cancer. him a fortune and brought him the enduring title of Commodore. Some Vanderbilt family Wiki - Everipedia Billy had had a nervous breakdown early in life, and his father had sent him to a farm on Staten Island. Under general supervision they will be responsible for the preparation of child support cases for Family court; performance of activities in the courtroom under . She is a great-granddaughter of Union general Hugh Judson Kilpatrick and a niece of Thelma Morgan, Viscountess Furness, the mistress who preceded Wallis Simpson in the affections of Edward VIII of the United Kingdom. In 1903 William Kissam turned over management of the railroads to an outside firm and thereafter devoted himself to his philanthropic, social, and sporting interests. I found a photo of her in a New York newspaper, The Evening World. The Commodore stated that he believed William Henry was the only heir capable of maintaining the business empire. Funeral of, 1822. and jumping into the lake to win a wager of DEATH OF, arrived at New York from England on the 7th. By the early 1970s, none of the 120 Vanderbilt descendants had even a million dollars to their name. She was a member of the Vanderbilt family of New York and the mother of CNN television anchor Anderson Cooper. Vanderbilt eventually drove the Collins Line into extinction. He later explained that he wanted to show that he could take this railroad, which was generally considered worthless, and make it valuable. He dropped out of school when he was just 11 years old. It had a key advantage: it was the only steam railroad to enter the center of Manhattan, running down 4th Avenue (later Park Avenue) to a station on 26th Street, where it connected with a horse-drawn streetcar line. SOLD JUN 15, 2022. Vanderbilt gave $1 million, the largest charitable gift in American history to that date. Vanderbilt became the richest American after he took over his father's fortune in 1877 until his own death in 1885, passing on a substantial part of the fortune to his wife and children, particularly to his sons Cornelius II and William. Garrison brought Charles Morgan in New York into the plan. Vanderbilt took control of the company just before these developments were announced. arts. up for the Blue Ridge Highlander Newsletter, Messages from the Mountains, Sign Vanderbilt also proved a quick study in legal matters, representing Gibbons in meetings with lawyers. The New York legislature had granted Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston a thirty-year legal monopoly on steamboat traffic.

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