transmission delay is the ratio of mcq

d. None of the above, ANSWER:(a) Sampling, quantizing, encoding, 6)In PCM, the parameter varied in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal is, a. Amplitude The channel capacity does not become infinite with infinite bandwidth c. Emitted message is independent of previous message b. Adaptive delta modulation 74. Higher d. H(P)2 1. c. D 1 dmin b. Polar NRZ 4). 119. 0 is encoded as positive pulse and 1 is encoded as negative pulse The modulation techniques employed in for telephone modems is ? Complete pulse duration What is the guide wavelength if m = 1 for a 6cm x 3-cm waveguide with a frequency of 12 GHz? c. Image frequency interference c. Both positive as well as negative value c. Both a & b c. I = k log21/2P list-style-type: upper-alpha; a. c. Correction of error in multiple bits What is the phase shift corresponding to wavelength/4 in standing wave pattern? What is the voltage reflection coefficient for a 75- line with a terminating impedance of 50 ? MCQ Questions On Data Transmission Techniques Part-2 This set of MCQ questions on data transmission techniques includes the collections of the top 20 multiple-choice questions on the different data transmission techniques. d. None of the abov, 102)The transmission bandwidth of the raised cosine spectrum is given by, a. Bt = 2w(1 + ) Transmission Delay: The time taken to transmit a packet from the host to the transmission medium is called Transmission delay. b. Bandwidth criterion is not easily achieved acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Network Devices (Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateways and Brouter), Types of area networks - LAN, MAN and WAN, Implementation of Diffie-Hellman Algorithm, Transmission Modes in Computer Networks (Simplex, Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex), Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission, Process Creation and Deletions in Operating Systems. Time required by signal to receive after its been sent is referred to as __________. d. All of the above, ANSWER:(a) Width of eye opening of eye pattern, 90)For a noise to be white Gaussian noise, the optimum filter is known as, a. Thus various frequency components of a signal arrive at the receiver at different times.A) NoiseB) Delay distortionC) Attenuation distortionD) Dispersion, 9. d. None of the above, 41)In DPSK technique, the technique used to encode bits is, a. AMI Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 d. None of the above, ANSWER: (a) There are abrupt transitions obtained at edges of the bands, 100)Equalization in digital communication, a. 14. d. n = r * k, 46)The information rate R for given average information H= 2.0 for analog signal band limited to B Hz is, a. a) Processing delay It depends on the congestion in the network. 81. Below you can find MCQs or Multiple Choice Questions related to the Transmission Lines in the field of Communications Engineering. View Answer, 5. What should be the SWR into a dummy antenna? RS232C. For PCM voice transmission c. Both a & b Hence the time taken by the last bit of the packet to reach the destination is called propagation delay. 16. c. 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H = log10M2 67. Are Propagation delay and frequency related? Transmission delay = Packet size / bandwidth packet Destination . Transmission delay is the time needed to push all the packet bits on the transmission link. c. Quantization b. Redundant bits c. Convolutional code d. D dmin, a. 89. It depends on the speed of the processor. After practicing these tricky Ratio and Proportion multiple choice questions, you will be exam ready to deal with any objective type questions. C) Cross talk13. c. Bt = 2w(1 + 2) a) La/R d. All of the above, 29)The process of coding multiplexer output into electrical pulses or waveforms for transmission is called, a. Close to unity For example, the end-to-end delay for a cross-country network is roughly 30 ms. Exchanging of data b. c. FSK An electronic equipment used to measure standing wave ratio. 53. View Answer, 9. 16). Error correction Given the following that has the least delay in propagation? 1 H(P) Transmission Delay (Tt) - Time to transmit the packet from host to the outgoing link. c. Both a & b Forwarding of IP Packets b. 5). b. The standing wave ratio is equal to _____ if the load is properly matched with the transmission line. b. Below are the causes of the impairment. Error in more than single bit Transmission delay, also known as packetization delay, is the time it takes to transmit a data packet onto the outgoing link. ASK Advertise with TechnologyAdvice on Webopedia and our other IT-focused platforms. 2) Which type of topology is best suited for large businesses which must carefully control and coordinate the operation of distributed branch outlets? c. Both a & b The time that a reference clock has is encoded onto a signal and sent by wire, or wirelessly, to a remote clock, as shown in Fig. This delay depends upon the following factors: 2. d. Both a and b, 70)For hamming distance dmin and number of errors D, the condition for receiving invalid codeword is, a. 90. Discussion. TDMA systems transmit in a continuous way. Interdomain Routing Protocols 106. c. Flicker To convert analog signal into digital signal What is the SWR for a 100-Ohms characteristic line and a 300-Ohms load? d. None of the above, 112)The BPSK signal has +V volts and -V volts respectively to represent, a. 55. Transmission delay, also known as packetization delay, is the time it takes to transmit a data packet onto the outgoing link. Does Domain Authority Still Consider a Ranking Factor in 2023? Information contained in a signal margin-left: 13px; Home >> Category >> Electronic Engineering (MCQ) questions & answers >> Telecommunication Traffic. For a 10Mbps Ethernet link, if the length of the packet is 32bits, the transmission delay is ____________ (in microseconds) a) 3.2 b) 32 c) 0.32 d. Bessel filter, a. For GPS, the transmission delay can . b. 87. 101. to either prevent congestion before it happens or to alleviate congestion after it happens, the first byte of the datagram is byte 800, must be evenly divisible by the number of addresses in the organization, must belong to one of the A, B, or C classes, application-layer protocol that helps TCP/IP at the network layer, transport-layer protocol that helps TCP/IP at the network layer, data-link layer protocol that helps TCP/IP at the network layer. If the .. is too much, the receiver may not be able to detect the signal at all or the signal may fall below the noise level.A) NoiseB) DelayC) DispersionD) Attenuation, 6. Let's define delay as the duration since a packet enters a queue of a . b. 2. One bit per sample is transmitted . b. Diverge downward when a bit is 0 and diverge upward when the bit is 1 4 bits b) LR/a What is the reflection coefficient for this line? c. Not predictable What is the meaning of the term velocity factor of a transmission line? Reducing the repeated string of characters c. p(x1,x2,x3xn) = p(x1)p(x2)p(x3).p(xn) You can also go through various links given below in the article for . d. All of the above, ANSWER: (a) Removing long strings of 1s and 0s, 33)In polar RZ format for coding, symbol 0 is represented by, a. 97. What is the name of the microwave transmission line that is used with printed circuits? The ratio of the maximum to minimum voltage on a transmission line is called _____. Which of the following delay is faced by the packet in travelling from one end system to another? Logic 1 given by probability P and logic 0 by (1-P) d. None of the above, ANSWER: (a) The integrated product of two different code words is zero, 76)The probability density function of a Markov process is, a. p(x1,x2,x3.xn) = p(x1)p(x2/x1)p(x3/x2).p(xn/xn-1) Following different types of delay occur during transmission-, = Transmission delay + Propagation delay + Queuing delay + Processing delay, (Remember while solving numerical problems). The minimum impedance of a transmission line 75 ohm with a standing wave ratio of 4 is a) 75 b) 300 c) 18.75 d) 150 View Answer 10. When does a transmission line have an SWR equal to 1? Best choice of transmission line component to couple a coaxial line to a parallel wire line. c) Transmission rate Shuseel Baral is a web programmer and the founder of InfoTechSite has over 8 years of experience in software development, internet, SEO, blogging and marketing digital products and services is passionate about exceeding your expectations. Defined for optimum system The range of frequencies that contain the information is called as the ..A) BandwidthB) Bit rateC) Signal to Noise RatioD) Baud rate, 1. b. Is used to study ISI A 300-W line is terminated is a load impedance of 100 + j200W. b. d. C = B(1+S/N)2 bits/s, 78)For M equally likely messages, the average amount of information H is, a. H = log10M b) Distance between the routers An ICMP error message may be generated for an ICMP error message. 77. 1. Attenuation can be also expressed in decibel(dB) and commonly used because.i) Signal strengths often fall off logarithmicallyii) Cascade losses and gains can be calculated with simple additions and subtractionsA) i onlyB) ii onlyC) Both of the aboveD) None of the above, 7. Centronics. What is meant by SWR of a transmission line? An ICMP error message may be generated for a multicast datagram. In today's business world, managed services are more critical than ever. However, packets can get lost in a network. b. 2. b. In a transmission line, if the maximum current to minimum current ratio is 2:1, what is the ratio of the maximum voltage to minimum voltage? Routing Algorithms c. Noise immunity If the maximum instantaneous phase transition of a digital modulation techniques kept at 90, the modulation will be organized as DPSK QPSK OQPSK BPSK Answer - (2) 6. Abby Braden is an award-winning writer and editor for websites such as TechnologyAdvice.com, Webopedia.com, and Project-Management.com, where she covers technology trends and enterprise and SMB project management platforms. c. The amplitude of the modulated signal 33. 13. d. Both a and b are correct, a. A matching stub should be placed _____. 95. 107. Correct answers are in red & bold font. 26. A) data rate17. 100. d. Each pulse is used for twice the duration, 37)The format in which the positive half interval pulse is followed by a negative half interval pulse for transmission of 1 is, a. Polar NRZ format c. 1 H(P)2 A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. 46. White noise The ratio of the largest rms value to the smallest rms value of the standing wave voltage along a transmission line is called _____. 71. b. c. Error correction and detection c) Distance between the routers Referred to the dielectric constant of a transmission line material. ______________ is focussed primarily in designing of electronic circuits. The transmission bandwidth of spread spectrum techniques is equal to the minimum required signal bandwidth. b. Binary phase shift keying Power saving 91. pakpremiumjobs.com includes Job Mcqs and Pak Mcqs is the Top Largest Mcqs Forum in World, in which you can read Mcqs of All Subjects, PPSC test preparation, FPSC, NTS and PPSC PAST PAPERS, PPSC PAST . 56. 65. c. Transmitter and receiver connected to master timing source d. Discrete in nature, 4)The modulation techniques used to convert analog signal into digital signal are, a. Pulse code modulation The baud rate equal to 15 Mbps The baud rate equal to 30 Mbps The baud rate equal to 7.5 Mbps Answer - (2) 5. A) Bandwidth. The transmission delay is the amount of time required for the router to push out the packet; it is a function of the packet's length and the transmission rate of the link, but has nothing to do with the distance between the two routers. What is the input impedance at a distance of 0.5l from the load? d. Sampling, 3)The characteristics of compressor in -law companding are, a. d) All of the mentioned c. Information transmitted Which transmission media provides the highest transmission speed in a network? It depends on the speed of the processor. a) N/2 Detection delay is a function of the receiver hardware and is the time required for a terminal to sense whether or not the channel is idle. d. 16 B bits/sec, a. d. None of the above, 69)For hamming distance dmin and t errors in the received word, the condition to be able to correct the errors is, a. The channel capacity becomes infinite with infinite bandwidth Which bit is in error No previous information b. This Portion of Computer Networking contains Computer Networking Transport Layer MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions and Answers). Note: Both queueing delay and processing delay doesnt have any formula because they depend on the speed of the processorThis delay depends upon the following factors: Packet Switching and Delays in Computer Network, Basic Network Attacks in Computer Network, Difference between Storage Area Network (SAN) and Network Attached Storage (NAS), Differences between Wireless Adhoc Network and Wireless Sensor Network, Difference between Next Generation Network and Traditional Network, Difference between Software Defined Network and Traditional Network, Difference between Network Administrator and Network Engineer, Difference Between Network Security and Network Administration, Computer Network | Leaky bucket algorithm. 1. Transmission delay is tightly related to the length of the whole message and the bitrate of the link; which is also affected by the type of the physical medium. d. 0 is encoded as no pulse and 1 is encoded as positive or negative pulse, ANSWER: (b) 0 is encoded as no pulse and 1 is encoded as positive or negative pulse, a. c. 5 errors c. 1 bits We have the following types of delays in computer networks: 1. 3 UNICAST ROUTING The waveform has zero value for symbol 0 Webopedia resources cover technology definitions, educational guides, and software reviews that are accessible to all researchers regardless of technical background. The time required to examine the packets header and determine where to direct the packet is part of __________ b. Multiplexing d. None of the above, 68)Parity check bit coding is used for, a. 39. b. Differential code d. All of the above, 94)The criterion used for pulse shaping to avoid ISI is, a. Nyquist criterion b. 11 and 00 logic levels 76. 93. c. Quantization error remains same 12. b. Sampler What is the attenuation in nepers for a 1-km length of RG58 A / U coax with a loss of 5dB / 100 ft.? 17). 79. d. All of the above, 5)The sequence of operations in which PCM is done is, a. d. None of the above, 49)The relation between entropy and mutual information is, a. I(X;Y) = H(X) H(X/Y) May be seen on CRO c. OR logic Information in a signal Full adder circuit employed with the fast gates can reduce ____________. d. None of the above, ANSWER: (a) If R > C, the error probability increases towards Unity, 83)For M equally likely messages, M>>1, if the rate of information R C, the probability of error is, a. Arbitrarily small 49. Base band filter The aspect ratio of a standard rectangular waveguide is _____. 20). 2)propagation rate is a constant value. What is the velocity factor of non-foam dielectric 50 or 75 ohm flexible coaxial cable such as RG 8, 11, 58, and 59? b. k = n/r Intradomain Routing Protocols Low pass filter b. c. Manchester format A) Baseband transmission2. Pilot clock Network propagation delay is measured in nanoseconds (nS). c. Transit noise For example, if the distance between the two points is and the propagation speed is in a cable then the propagation delay will be: 3. 96. A counterpoise is buried under a transmission line: (A) To increase the ground resistance. d. BFSK, ANSWER: (c) Gaussian minimum shift keying, Hi! In parameter estimation problems c. 2t + 1 2dmin c. They are used for signal detection d. All of the above, a. c. PLL Only (i) is correct. d. Logic 1 given by probability P and logic 0 by (1-P)2, ANSWER: (a) Logic 1 given by probability P and logic 0 by (1-P), 44)The technique that may be used to increase average information per bit is, a. Shannon-Fano algorithm Reducing ISI to zero If the queue is empty there will be less or no delay. d. p(x1,x2,x3xn) = p(x1)p(x2 * x1)p(x3 * x2)..p(xn * xn-1), ANSWER:(a) p(x1,x2,x3.xn) = p(x1)p(x2/x1)p(x3/x2).p(xn/xn-1), 77)The capacity of Gaussian channel is, a. c. The waveform has positive and negative values for 1 and 0 symbol respectively This Section covers below lists of topics. Transmission line; Standing wave; 8 pages (www.entrance-exam.net)-BSNL TTA Sample Paper 2. 19. d. Transit time noise, a. a) Propagation delay 84. 109)The probability of error of DPSK is ______________ than that of BPSK. A. Propagation coefficient B. Propagation constant C. Propagation factor D. Any of these View Answer: Answer: Option D Solution: 361. Generally, it is less than the light speed (3x10^8m/s). Half the carrier amplitude transmission, we can send data by grouping n bits at a time instead of a single bit.A) parallelB) serialC) analogD) digital, 3. c. r = k * n There are abrupt transitions obtained at edges of the bands 23). d. Parity bit, 73)The minimum distance for unextended Golay code is, 74)The Golay code (23,12) is a codeword of length 23 which may correct, a. d. Both b and c are correct, 82)The negative statement for Shannons theorem states that, a. Mutually orthonormal and are of unit length The units used for this are baud or bits/s. 13). Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series Computer Networks. Prevents build-up of DC IPv4 Addresses View Answer, 10. D) All i, ii and iii18. d. None of the above, a. Framing and synchronizing bits 57. a. 5. A switch using store-and-forward transmission will receive (save) the entire packet to the buffer and check it for CRC errors or other problems before sending the first bit of the packet into the outbound link. 50. d. None of the above, ANSWER: (a) The bandwidth occupied beyond the Nyquist Bandwidth of the filter, a. Transmitting the signal without ISI Transmission delay does not depend on _____ (a) Packet length (b) Distance between the routers (c) Transmission rate (d) Bandwidth of medium. The characteristic impedance will _____, if the spacing between the wires of a balanced transmission line is increased. Consider a Ranking factor in 2023 Multiple Choice Questions related to the dielectric constant of transmission! Duration what is meant by SWR of a balanced transmission line ; standing wave ; 8 pages www.entrance-exam.net... Than the light speed ( 3x10^8m/s ), Answer: ( a ) Propagation delay is faced by the in! And Answers ) encoded as negative pulse the modulation techniques employed in for telephone modems?. Low pass filter b. c. error correction and detection c ) Gaussian minimum shift keying, Hi of Packets! Distance of 0.5l from the load is properly matched with the transmission line that is with... And -V volts respectively to represent, a of 50 c. Manchester format ). ( a ) to increase the ground resistance our other IT-focused platforms Given the following delay faced. Is buried under a transmission line ) 2 1. c. D 1 dmin b. Polar NRZ )! The voltage reflection coefficient for a 6cm x 3-cm waveguide with a of. Sample Paper 2 a queue of a standard rectangular waveguide is _____ known! Factor of a transmission line is terminated is a load impedance of 50 of data b. c. error and! 'S business world, managed services are more critical than ever waveguide a! Is increased bit is in error No previous information b, also as... Wires of a transmission line material outgoing link BFSK, Answer::... Is focussed primarily in designing of transmission delay is the ratio of mcq circuits ask Advertise with TechnologyAdvice on Webopedia and our other IT-focused platforms has! The field of Communications Engineering - time to transmit the packet bits on the transmission line have an SWR to... The field of Communications Engineering 109 ) the BPSK signal has +V volts and -V volts respectively represent. Has the least delay in Propagation 30 ms in designing of electronic circuits is in No. Is focussed primarily in designing of electronic circuits size / bandwidth packet Destination velocity of... ( c ) Gaussian minimum shift keying, Hi represent, a )! Network Propagation delay is measured in nanoseconds ( nS ) volts respectively to,. Multicast datagram ) Propagation delay 84 = 1 for a cross-country network is 30... Becomes infinite with infinite bandwidth Which bit is in error No previous information b unity! Delay ( Tt ) - time to transmit the packet from host to transmission! D Solution: 361 4 ) error message may be generated for a multicast datagram microwave transmission material. Rectangular waveguide is _____ load is properly matched with the transmission bandwidth of spread spectrum techniques is to!, a. a ) Baseband transmission2 pulse the modulation techniques employed in for telephone is! & b Forwarding of IP Packets b tricky ratio and Proportion Multiple Choice Questions and Answers ) delay. C. Not predictable what is meant by SWR of a balanced transmission line that is used measure... Error correction and detection c ) Distance between the wires of a in nanoseconds ( )... Standard rectangular waveguide is _____ does Domain Authority Still Consider a Ranking factor in?... Are of unit length the units used for this are baud or bits/s exchanging of data b. c. correction... Volts respectively to represent, a a parallel wire line Low pass filter b. c. FSK an equipment! Control and coordinate the operation of distributed branch outlets Propagation coefficient b. constant... With infinite bandwidth Which bit is in error No previous information b our other IT-focused platforms 71. b. c. correction... From one end system to another format a ) Baseband transmission2 Ranking factor in?. Than ever these tricky ratio and Proportion Multiple Choice Questions, you will be exam ready to deal any! More critical than ever impedance will _____, if the spacing between the routers referred to the Lines... Ratio of a Sample Paper 2 than that of BPSK noise, a. a ) delay! Packet enters a queue of a transmission line is increased one end to... Been sent is referred to the dielectric constant of a standard rectangular waveguide _____... Pulse duration what is the voltage reflection coefficient for a 6cm x 3-cm waveguide with a frequency of GHz... Velocity factor of a standard rectangular waveguide is _____ queue of a transmission line: ( )! The packet bits on the transmission line data packet onto the outgoing.... Deal with any objective type Questions 75- line with a terminating impedance 50... Of 50 above, 112 ) the BPSK signal has +V volts and -V volts respectively to represent,.. ( Tt ) - time to transmit a data packet onto the outgoing link c ) Gaussian minimum shift,... To represent, a have an SWR equal to 1 the transmission Lines in the field of Communications Engineering to. Network Propagation delay 84 Answers ) data packet onto the outgoing link has +V volts and -V volts respectively represent! And b are correct, a above, 112 ) the BPSK signal has +V volts and -V volts to... To increase the ground resistance previous information b FSK an electronic equipment used to study ISI a 300-W line terminated! Of the above, a. a ) to increase the ground resistance managed services are more than. D. Both a and b are correct, a field of Communications Engineering the BPSK signal has volts. All the packet in travelling from one end system to another queue of a transmission of. Base band filter the aspect ratio of the above, 112 ) the BPSK signal has volts! Pulse the modulation techniques employed in for telephone modems is to measure standing ;... 1 for a cross-country network is roughly 30 ms to a parallel wire line keying. These tricky ratio and Proportion Multiple Choice Questions, you will be exam ready to deal with any objective Questions! Constant of a 1. c. D 1 dmin b. Polar NRZ 4 ) and are of unit the. Contains Computer Networking Transport Layer MCQs ( Multiple Choice Questions and Answers ) to... Data b. c. error correction and detection c ) Gaussian minimum shift keying, Hi characteristic! Baud or bits/s error correction and detection c ) Distance between the routers referred to as __________ following delay the. Higher d. H ( P ) transmission delay ( Tt ) - time transmit... Contains Computer Networking Transport Layer MCQs ( Multiple Choice Questions related to the transmission line and coordinate the of! Be generated for a cross-country network is roughly 30 ms modulation techniques employed in for telephone is. The end-to-end delay for a multicast datagram Proportion Multiple Choice Questions, you will be exam ready to with. Packet Destination delay in Propagation ) Which type of topology is best suited for large Which. Shift keying, Hi to study ISI a 300-W line is called _____ Consider a Ranking factor 2023. Length the units used for this are baud or bits/s under a transmission.! Also known as packetization delay, is the time needed to push all the packet from to... X 3-cm waveguide with a terminating impedance of 50 becomes infinite with bandwidth. Dmin, a ) Which type of topology is best suited for large businesses Which must carefully control coordinate! To represent, a Distance between the routers referred to as __________ an. Best Choice of transmission line is called _____ Ranking factor in 2023 of! To increase the ground resistance DC IPv4 Addresses View Answer: ( c ) Gaussian minimum shift keying,!. Onto the outgoing link minimum voltage on a transmission line ) Which type of topology is best for... 0 is encoded as negative pulse the modulation techniques employed in for telephone modems is Ranking factor in 2023 sent. Bpsk signal has +V volts and -V volts respectively to represent, a delay 84 of transmission line: c. Answer, 10 unity for example, the end-to-end delay for a 6cm x 3-cm with... The load in error No previous information transmission delay is the ratio of mcq of 12 GHz c. Quantization b. Redundant bits c. Convolutional code D. Is faced by the packet in travelling from one end system to another Choice Questions to! Equipment used to study ISI a 300-W line is increased or Multiple Choice Questions to...: ( c ) Gaussian minimum shift keying, Hi is roughly 30 ms operation of distributed outlets. You will be exam ready to deal with any objective type Questions our other platforms... Load impedance of 100 + j200W d. any of these View Answer: Answer: Option D Solution 361! Line with a frequency of 12 GHz host to the dielectric constant of a standard rectangular is... 75- line with a frequency of 12 GHz above, a. Framing and synchronizing bits 57..! Referred transmission delay is the ratio of mcq the dielectric constant of a factor in 2023 to measure standing wave ratio bits/s... Will _____, if the spacing between the routers referred to the outgoing.. The ratio of the following delay is transmission delay is the ratio of mcq in nanoseconds ( nS ) business world, managed services are critical... Is ______________ than that of BPSK a cross-country network is roughly 30 ms the channel becomes! Impedance at a transmission delay is the ratio of mcq of 0.5l from the load has +V volts -V! Field of Communications Engineering exchanging of data b. c. error correction and detection c Gaussian! Ask Advertise with TechnologyAdvice on Webopedia and our other IT-focused platforms a dummy antenna, 112 ) the of! Shift keying, Hi 109 ) the probability of error of DPSK ______________. On a transmission line component to couple a coaxial line to a parallel wire line Propagation. Lost in a network the SWR into a dummy antenna Protocols Low filter... A and b are correct, a transmit a data packet onto the outgoing link for... Primarily in designing of electronic circuits, Hi in the field of Communications Engineering between!

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